The stages of dementia from a functional perspective
People who are experiencing dementia/Alzheimer’s will progress through identifiable stages of dementia, regardless of the type of dementia they are experiencing—if you look at dementia from the perspective of changes in functioning rather than as disease. When we change our perspective, the progression of dementia and the path to providing dementia care at home becomes clearer. And when we provide just enough care rather than force too many changes too quickly, care is more readily accepted and the person is safer.
Stage 1: Independence
At first, people who have dementia want as little interference from their family and friends as possible. They are still able to read a clock, perceive the passage of time fairly accurately, and look at a calendar to determine what day it is so that they can attend appointments and activities. A person in the early stages of dementia will wake up in the morning and know that the events of the dream they may recall were dreamed events. They can navigate the kitchen and take care of their homes more or less as well as was their practice earlier in life.
Those who do not have anosognosia (the condition of being unable to perceive our own impairments) prefer to do things for themselves but will be grateful and appreciative. When they do accept help, they’re likely to say something like, “Thanks so much, but really, I’m managing just fine on my own.”
Those with anosognosia will be less grateful for assistance. They may respond to offers of help with indignation, seeing them as inferences that they are needy or incapable. They believe that any mistakes or confusion are caused by other people and so may become paranoid or suspicious. However, in the earlier years of dementia, whether people have anosognosia or not, they will attempt to mask the true extent of their confusion and memory loss so that they can preserve their independence for as long as possible.
Stage 2: Uncertainty
At some point, uncertainty will set in. The person with complete anosognosia will stubbornly persist in believing that their confusion and frustration are due only to other people’s mistakes, but even those with partial anosognosia will begin to doubt themselves. Now that they have so often found themselves unable to complete a simple task, or at a loss about what they were doing or should be doing, they know they need some assistance.
At this stage, when we prepare to leave, rather than thanking us and telling us they are fine, they might ask, “Will I see you tomorrow?” or “Would you like to come in?” This tells us that the person now needs more assistance and will more easily accept it.
Stage 3: Follow the leader
We know someone has moved into this next stage when they start saying to us, “Oh, I’ll just have whatever you’re having” or “It doesn’t matter to me—you decide.” It’s not that they’ve become more easygoing: they simply are no longer able to make decisions without assistance. They cannot track time, read clocks, or interpret calendars consistently. Their desire for independence has melted away unless anosognosia is still fully present.
At this point, we again know it’s time to increase our support. We watch to see whether they are losing weight due to failure to recognize food and packaging, whether they are bathing or have forgotten the purpose of soap, whether they still retain some idea of cleanliness in the home, and whether they have begun to perceive dreamed events as real. Now we expect their judgment to be consistently impaired, and watch for misinterpreted realities that could become dangerous. Their daily activities with us are gradually lengthened to include meals, cleaning, and household chores—and maybe visits to our local wellness center for a supervised shower and soak in the hot tub.
Stage 4: Clinginess, or clingy dementia
When someone slips into this stage—becoming clingy—they are experiencing confusion on such a level that they are commonly unable to do simple tasks when alone, or cannot understand whether it’s morning or afternoon, Tuesday or Saturday, October or May. They might say, “I’d feel better if I could hold your arm.” They may not be able to verbalize this need and just reach out and take their companion’s arm. In a crowd, even in a small group, these people sidle closer or lean into their companions. They look for eye contact and want to make eye contact often. For them, at this point most people have become strangers—even family members and dear friends—although they will still do their best to mask it. Memories can be recalled and faces placed, but it requires careful leading through a series of related memories to get there, if at all.
Routine and familiarity are now essential. The smallest change can bring on a crisis of fear and confusion. When someone reaches this stage, we need to vigilantly watch for the moment they move to the next level of need, which will be a transition we dare not ignore. The change may be sudden or gradual, the result of a crisis or merely a response to an accumulation of daily failures or irritations. They will now need someone with them at night.
Stage 5: Overnight care
At this point, people who have been living alone but with daytime caregiving who do not have anosognosia will begin turning to caregivers, friends, and family members and say, “Would you like to move in with me or stay over?” Wanting to have someone with them overnight does not imply that they need full-time care. People at this level still enjoy the autonomy of being able to spend a few hours alone, but not much longer than that.
At DAWN, we’ve found that if resources allow, it works well to immediately provide a caregiver who is present from dinnertime through breakfast, full-time on weekends, and off-duty during business hours. We have found this works very well as a part-time job for students studying nursing or social work. During the day, we arrange midday activities that provide the client with sensory and social stimulation but allow our clients an hour or two each morning and afternoon to be spent alone. This helps them preserve a sense of autonomy and privacy within their own homes for a little longer.
Stage 6: Fulltime care
Eventually people who are experiencing dementia become so unable to choose their own activities or make sense of the world around them that they need to have someone present at all times in order to feel comfortable. To me, this is the greatest heartbreak of memory care facilities, because their residents are left alone for hours at a time. Even people who have anosognosia will eventually welcome the full-time presence of other people.
At DAWN, we know it is time for full-time care when we arrive and find someone who’s only been alone for minutes wandering from room to room, unable to relax; they have lost the ability to know what they want to do. These people will say, “I just don’t know what I’m supposed to be doing” when you arrive, and “Do you have to go?” when you get ready to leave. This will happen long before they become bedridden or unable to communicate.
At this last stage of dementia, we make sure that someone is always present. We are careful to continue the same schedule of daily activities so they continue to receive enough sensory and social stimulation to avoid sundowning or wandering. We maintain the same evening and bedtime routines so the sleeping habits we’ve helped them develop can be maintained for as long as possible.
Tailor the amount of care to their level of functioning
These are the six stages of dementia I have watched my clients go through here at DAWN. They reflect changes in functioning—that are not determined by medical diagnoses. When we watch for and respond to our loved ones’ and clients’ changing ability to function and their emotional needs, tailoring the level of care accordingly, they more readily accept care and are less likely to put themselves at risk. At DAWN, we believe that people who feel secure are less anxious. And how someone feels dictates how they will function and act—whether they are experiencing dementia or not.
If you would like to receive monthly tips about caring for someone with dementia, please sign up for our newsletter. When you sign up, you will receive our free 3-part video series, “Preparing for Dementia.”
Sign up for newsletter and get videosFAQs about the 6 stages of dementia
What are the stages of dementia (or the stages of Alzheimer’s)?
What is clingy dementia?
What stage of dementia is sundowners?
How long does sundowners last?
What stage of dementia is not bathing?
At a certain point, your loved one will become unable to recall that they have not bathed or showered. Many of our clients believe that they shower every day. They will also stop understanding cause and effect and will not realize that not showering is a problem for health and social reasons. If they’ve lost their sense of smell, this can compound the problem because they no longer notice as they begin to have body odor.
At the DAWN Method, we use a number of techniques to encourage our dementia clients to bathe or shower. Check out our blog article, “Promoting Independence in Dementia,” for more tips on keeping them safe while caring for someone with dementia at home.
What stage of dementia is hiding things?
What stage is paranoia in dementia?
Is there a better way to navigate dementia?
The odds are against you if you rely on your gut. Working with people who are experiencing dementia requires a new way of interacting. Family members and caregivers (even incredibly empathetic ones) who don’t truly understand this will inadvertently embarrass, frustrate or undermine their loved ones and clients. Learn why that is and how to navigate dementia more successfully in our DAWN Method courses and books.